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To enhance enzymatic activity, several strategies have been adopted. However, the degradation activities are still too low for industrial applications 9, 10. fusca KW3, LC cutinase from the metagenome in plant compost, cutinase from Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190, HiC from Thermomyces insolens, and lipase B from Candida antarctica have been shown to possess relatively higher degradability. Among the PET-degrading enzymes identified to date, TfH and TfH BTA-2 from Thermobifida fusca DSM43793, TfCut1 and TfCut2 from T. Various bacterial hydrolases, such as cutinases 7, lipases, carboxylesterases, and esterases 8, have been shown to degrade PET, although to different extents 9. PET comprises terephthalate (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG), which are polymerized through ester linkage.
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According to a report by the US National Park Service, PET bottles require approximately 450 years to be decomposed 6. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is an extensively and widely used polyester and is also resistant to biodegradation. The degree of biodegradability of plastics depends on their chemical and physical properties 5. Microbes can degrade plastics with ester bond via enzymatic hydrolysis through colonization onto the surfaces of materials. Alternatively, biocatalytic degradation might be applied as an ecofriendly method. However, these methods generally require high temperature and often generate additional environmental pollutants 4.
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To remove plastic wastes and recycle plastic-based materials, several chemical degradation methods such as glycolysis, methanolysis, hydrolysis, aminolysis and ammonolysis have been developed 3. Therefore, much effort has been exerted to reduce plastic wastes. Because most plastics are resistant to biodegradation and require a long time to degrade, the amount of plastic wastes to be accumulated is expected to reach 33 billion tons by 2050 2. Plastics production has continuously increased and about 320 million tons of plastics were produced globally in 2015 1. However, non-degradability, which had been considered to be a great advantage of employing plastics, has been reconsidered as a major cause of environmental problems, in particular due to the accumulation of waste plastics in landfill and ocean. Plastics are essential materials in our lives due to their desirable properties, such as lightness, durability, low price, easy processibility into many different forms, and non-degradability. Moreover, other PETase candidates potentially having high PET-degrading activities are suggested based on phylogenetic tree analysis of 69 PETase-like proteins. Based on structural and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, the detailed process of PET degradation into MHET, terephthalic acid, and ethylene glycol is suggested. IsPETase has a Ser–His-Asp catalytic triad at its active site and contains an optimal substrate binding site to accommodate four monohydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET) moieties of PET. sakaiensis PETase ( IsPETase) at 1.5 Å resolution. Here we report the crystal structure of I. However, the molecular mechanism of PET degradation is not known. Recently, a PET-degrading bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis, was identified and suggested for possible use in degradation and/or recycling of PET. However, non-biodegradability, once thought to be an advantage offered by plastics, is causing major environmental problem. Plastics, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), possess many desirable characteristics and thus are widely used in daily life.